The balance of power
As the final races are tallied in the coming weeks, markets may react to the ultimate size of the margin of control in Congress. While the Democrats picked up more seats than many expected, their margin is not so wide as to be impenetrable. A narrower margin tends to require more negotiation and cooperation between and within the parties to get things done, limiting the prospects for legislation further out on either end of the political spectrum. While the larger margin could give the Democrats more room to pursue changes in tax, spending, and regulatory policy, the Republican White House and its executive veto divide the government and may stymie more aggressive policy pursuits.
Markets generally like a divided government because the two parties can check each other’s excesses. But a divided government does not eliminate policy risk. The new Congress will still need to address government funding, the debt ceiling, and other must-pass legislation.
The remaining close races create an additional risk. If an election hinges on a few thousand votes, there could be recounts and legal challenges, potentially leaving us in political limbo for weeks. In my view, such uncertainty could lead investors to demand higher compensation for holding riskier assets. It could also harden attitudes in Congress, making bipartisan cooperation more difficult.
Fiscal deadlines on the horizon
Congress faces some important fiscal deadlines, and the first comes soon. The continuing resolution funding the government expires on December 11, and the current Congress must pass another funding measure before then or risk a government shutdown. I think it is likely that Congress will pass another (short-lived) continuing resolution and adjourn; no one wants a federal shutdown over the holiday period.
The fiscal calendar could become more difficult next year. Another continuing resolution could push the funding deadline into 2027. Congress will need to negotiate a budget for 2027 and get agreement with the president, or the federal government will shut down. A shutdown is a serious risk. Later, negotiations over the fiscal year 2028 budget could overlap with the need to raise the debt ceiling.
October 2027 is a key month for the fiscal agenda. It coincides with the start of fiscal year 2028 and could fall near the debt ceiling “X-date,” when the Treasury would exhaust the extraordinary measures it uses to continue meeting the government’s obligations.
I expect the usual last-minute deal to avoid a federal default. But the approach to the X-date could be unsettling for financial markets, particularly if debt ceiling negotiations and a shutdown occur at the same time. I believe odds of a technical default are low, but they are not zero.
I think the broader fiscal agenda is unlikely to help. Both parties want more spending, while taxes may become only somewhat higher. I do not expect the budget deficit to be lower in fiscal years 2027 or 2028, even with a low unemployment rate.
Oversight could move into the spotlight
Congress does not have to pass legislation to affect market sentiment. I believe the new Congress is likely to hold numerous and extensive hearings aimed at shaping the political debate ahead of the 2028 presidential election. Corporate executives could be questioned about large price increases and slow wage gains, with oil and gas companies particularly exposed to political scrutiny. Big Tech and social media companies could also attract attention, while AI may face investigations related to safety, hacking, and the economic consequences of automation.
Markets may be especially sensitive to AI-related issues, in my view. While many decisions affecting data centers are made at the state and local levels, potential federal proposals could include tougher safety standards, restrictions on certain AI applications, changes to the tax treatment of AI investment, and limits on data center construction. New policies could affect technology companies, utilities, semiconductor firms, and other businesses tied to the AI investment cycle.
After the votes are counted
Election results often produce an immediate market reaction, particularly when they differ from expectations, as we recently saw with Brazil. However, for markets, I think the more consequential story will be how the new balance of power shapes the policy agenda.
